This PHP tutorial covers all the topics of PHP such as introduction, control statements, functions, array, string, file handling, form handling, regular expression, date and time, object-oriented programming in PHP, math, PHP MySQL, PHP with Ajax, PHP with jQuery and PHP with XML.

What is PHP
PHP is an open-source, interpreted, and object-oriented scripting language that can be executed at the server-side. PHP is well suited for web development. Therefore, it is used to develop web applications (an application that executes on the server and generates the dynamic page.).

PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 but appeared in the market in 1995. PHP 7.4.0 is the latest version of PHP, which was released on 28 November. Some important points need to be noticed about PHP are as followed:
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PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor.
PHP is an interpreted language, i.e., there is no need for compilation.
PHP is faster than other scripting languages, for example, ASP and JSP.
PHP is a server-side scripting language, which is used to manage the dynamic content of the website.
PHP can be embedded into HTML.
PHP is an object-oriented language.
PHP is an open-source scripting language.
PHP is simple and easy to learn language.
What is PHP
PHP Example

Test it Now
Output:

Hello, World!
Why use PHP
PHP is a server-side scripting language, which is used to design the dynamic web applications with MySQL database.

It handles dynamic content, database as well as session tracking for the website.
You can create sessions in PHP.
It can access cookies variable and also set cookies.
It helps to encrypt the data and apply validation.
PHP supports several protocols such as HTTP, POP3, SNMP, LDAP, IMAP, and many more.
Using PHP language, you can control the user to access some pages of your website.
As PHP is easy to install and set up, this is the main reason why PHP is the best language to learn.
PHP can handle the forms, such as – collect the data from users using forms, save it into the database, and return useful information to the user. For example – Registration form.

PHP Features
PHP is very popular language because of its simplicity and open source. There are some important features of PHP given below:

PHP Features
Performance:

PHP script is executed much faster than those scripts which are written in other languages such as JSP and ASP. PHP uses its own memory, so the server workload and loading time is automatically reduced, which results in faster processing speed and better performance.

Open Source:

PHP source code and software are freely available on the web. You can develop all the versions of PHP according to your requirement without paying any cost. All its components are free to download and use.

Familiarity with syntax:

PHP has easily understandable syntax. Programmers are comfortable coding with it.

Embedded:

PHP code can be easily embedded within HTML tags and script.

Platform Independent:

PHP is available for WINDOWS, MAC, LINUX & UNIX operating system. A PHP application developed in one OS can be easily executed in other OS also.

Database Support:

PHP supports all the leading databases such as MySQL, SQLite, ODBC, etc.

Error Reporting –

PHP has predefined error reporting constants to generate an error notice or warning at runtime. E.g., E_ERROR, E_WARNING, E_STRICT, E_PARSE.

Loosely Typed Language:

PHP allows us to use a variable without declaring its datatype. It will be taken automatically at the time of execution based on the type of data it contains on its value.

Web servers Support:

PHP is compatible with almost all local servers used today like Apache, Netscape, Microsoft IIS, etc.

Security:

PHP is a secure language to develop the website. It consists of multiple layers of security to prevent threads and malicious attacks.

Control:

Different programming languages require long script or code, whereas PHP can do the same work in a few lines of code. It has maximum control over the websites like you can make changes easily whenever you want.

A Helpful PHP Community:

It has a large community of developers who regularly updates documentation, tutorials, online help, and FAQs. Learning PHP from the communities is one of the significant benefits.

Web Development
PHP is widely used in web development nowadays. PHP can develop dynamic websites easily. But you must have the basic the knowledge of following technologies for web development as well.

HTML
CSS
JavaScript
Ajax
XML and JSON
jQuery

Prerequisite
Before learning PHP, you must have the basic knowledge of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. So, learn these technologies for better implementation of PHP.

HTML – HTML is used to design static webpage.

CSS – CSS helps to make the webpage content more effective and attractive.

JavaScript – JavaScript is used to design an interactive website.

PHP If Else
PHP if else statement is used to test condition. There are various ways to use if statement in PHP.

if
if-else
if-else-if
nested if
PHP If Statement
PHP if statement allows conditional execution of code. It is executed if condition is true.

If statement is used to executes the block of code exist inside the if statement only if the specified condition is true.

Syntax
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if(condition){
//code to be executed
}
Flowchart

php if statement flowchart
Example

Output:

12 is less than 100
PHP If-else Statement
PHP if-else statement is executed whether condition is true or false.

If-else statement is slightly different from if statement. It executes one block of code if the specified condition is true and another block of code if the condition is false.

Syntax

if(condition){
//code to be executed if true
}else{
//code to be executed if false
}
Flowchart

php if-else statement flowchart
Example

Output:

12 is even number
PHP If-else-if Statement
The PHP if-else-if is a special statement used to combine multiple if?.else statements. So, we can check multiple conditions using this statement.

Syntax

if (condition1){
//code to be executed if condition1 is true
} elseif (condition2){
//code to be executed if condition2 is true
} elseif (condition3){
//code to be executed if condition3 is true
….
} else{
//code to be executed if all given conditions are false
}
Flowchart

php if-else statement flowchart
Example

=34 && $marks<50) { echo “D grade”; } else if ($marks>=50 && $marks<65) { echo “C grade”; } else if ($marks>=65 && $marks<80) { echo “B grade”; } else if ($marks>=80 && $marks<90) { echo “A grade”; } else if ($marks>=90 && $marks<100) { echo “A+ grade”; } else { echo “Invalid input”; } ?>
Output:

B Grade
PHP nested if Statement
The nested if statement contains the if block inside another if block. The inner if statement executes only when specified condition in outer if statement is true.

Syntax

if (condition) {
//code to be executed if condition is true
if (condition) {
//code to be executed if condition is true
}
}
Flowchart

php if-else statement flowchart
Example

= 18) {
echo “Eligible to give vote”;
}
else {
echo “Not eligible to give vote”;
}
}
?>
Output:

PHP Programs

PHP programs are frequently asked in the interview. These programs can be asked from basics, control statements, array, string, oops, file handling etc. Let’s see the list of top PHP programs.

1) Sum of Digits

Write a PHP program to print sum of digits.

Input: 23

Output: 5

Input: 624

Output: 12

2) Even or odd number

Input: 23

Output: odd number

Input: 12

Output: even number

3) Prime number

Write a PHP program to check prime number.

Input: 17

Output: not prime number

Input: 57

Output: prime number

4) Table of number

Write a PHP program to print table of a number.

Input: 2

Output: 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Input: 5

Output: 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

5) Factorial

Write a PHP program to print factorial of a number.

Input: 5

Output: 120

Input: 6

Output: 720

6) Armstrong number

Write a PHP program to check armstrong number.

Input: 371

Output: armstrong

Input: 342

Output: not armstrong

7) Palindrome number

Write a PHP program to check palindrome number.

Input: 121

Output: not palindrome number

Input: 113

Output: palindrome number

8) Fibonacci Series

Write a PHP program to print fibonacci series without using recursion and using recursion.

Input: 10

Output: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

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9) Reverse Number

Write a PHP program to reverse given number.

Input: 234

Output: 432

10) Reverse String

Write a PHP program to reverse given string.

Input: amit

Output: tima

11) Swap two numbers

Write a PHP program to swap two numbers with and without using third variable.

Input: a=5 b=10

Output: a=10 b=5

12) Adding Two Numbers

Write a PHP program to add two numbers.

First Input: 10

Second Input: 20

Output: 30

13) Subtracting Two Numbers

Write a PHP program to subtract two numbers.

First Input: 50

Second Input: 10

Output: 40

14) Area of Triangle

Write a PHP program to find area of triangle.

Base Input: 10

Height Input: 15

Output: 75

15) Area of rectangle

Write a PHP program to find the area of rectangle.

Length Input: 10

Width Input: 20

Output: 200

16) Leap Year

Write a PHP program to find if the given year is leap year or not.

Input: 2000

Output: Leap Year

Input: 2001

Output: Not Leap Year

17) Alphabet Triangle using PHP method

Write a PHP program to print alphabet triangle.

Output:

A
ABA
ABCBA
ABCDCBA
ABCDEDCBA

18) Alphabet Triangle Pattern

Write a PHP program to print alphabet triangle.

Output:

A
ABA
ABCBA
ABCDCBA
ABCDEDCBA

19) Number Triangle

Write a PHP program to print number triangle.

Output:

enter the range= 6
1
121
12321
1234321
123454321
12345654321

20) Star Triangle

Write a PHP programs to print star triangle.

Output:

Output:

Output:

Output:

Output:

PHP Functions

PHP function is a piece of code that can be reused many times. It can take input as argument list and return value. There are thousands of built-in functions in PHP.

In PHP, we can define Conditional function, Function within Function and Recursive function also.

Advantage of PHP Functions

Code Reusability: PHP functions are defined only once and can be invoked many times, like in other programming languages.

Less Code: It saves a lot of code because you don’t need to write the logic many times. By the use of function, you can write the logic only once and reuse it.

Easy to understand: PHP functions separate the programming logic. So it is easier to understand the flow of the application because every logic is divided in the form of functions.

PHP User-defined Functions

We can declare and call user-defined functions easily. Let’s see the syntax to declare user-defined functions.

Syntax

function functionname(){
//code to be executed
}

Note: Function name must be start with letter and underscore only like other labels in PHP. It can’t be start with numbers or special symbols.

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PHP Functions Example

File: function1.php

<?php
function sayHello(){
echo “Hello PHP Function”;
}
sayHello();//calling function
?>

Output:

Hello PHP Function

PHP Function Arguments

We can pass the information in PHP function through arguments which is separated by comma.

PHP supports Call by Value (default), Call by Reference, Default argument values and Variable-length argument list.

Let’s see the example to pass single argument in PHP function.File: functionarg.php

<?php
function sayHello($name){
echo “Hello $name ”;
}
sayHello(“Sonoo”);
sayHello(“Vimal”);
sayHello(“John”);
?>

Output:

Hello Sonoo
Hello Vimal
Hello John

Let’s see the example to pass two argument in PHP function.File: functionarg2.php

<?php
function sayHello($name,$age){
echo “Hello $name, you are $age years old ”;
}
sayHello(“Sonoo”,27);
sayHello(“Vimal”,29);
sayHello(“John”,23);
?>

Output:

Hello Sonoo, you are 27 years old
Hello Vimal, you are 29 years old
Hello John, you are 23 years old

PHP Call By Reference

Value passed to the function doesn’t modify the actual value by default (call by value). But we can do so by passing value as a reference.

By default, value passed to the function is call by value. To pass value as a reference, you need to use ampersand (&) symbol before the argument name.

Let’s see a simple example of call by reference in PHP.File: functionref.php

<?php
function adder(&$str2)
{
$str2 .= ‘Call By Reference’;
}
$str = ‘Hello ‘;
adder($str);
echo $str;
?>

Output:

Hello Call By Reference

PHP Function: Default Argument Value

We can specify a default argument value in function. While calling PHP function if you don’t specify any argument, it will take the default argument. Let’s see a simple example of using default argument value in PHP function.File: functiondefaultarg.php

<?php
function sayHello($name=”Sonoo”){
echo “Hello $name ”;
}
sayHello(“Rajesh”);
sayHello();//passing no value
sayHello(“John”);
?>

Output:

Hello Rajesh
Hello Sonoo
Hello John

PHP Function: Returning Value

Let’s see an example of PHP function that returns value.File: functiondefaultarg.php

<?php
function cube($n){
return $n*$n*$n;
}
echo “Cube of 3 is: “.cube(3);
?>

Output:

Cube of 3 is: 27

PHP Arrays

PHP array is an ordered map (contains value on the basis of key). It is used to hold multiple values of similar type in a single variable.

Advantage of PHP Array

Less Code: We don’t need to define multiple variables.

Easy to traverse: By the help of single loop, we can traverse all the elements of an array.

Sorting: We can sort the elements of array.PauseNextMute

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PHP Array Types

There are 3 types of array in PHP.

Indexed Array
Associative Array
Multidimensional Array

PHP Indexed Array

PHP index is represented by number which starts from 0. We can store number, string and object in the PHP array. All PHP array elements are assigned to an index number by default.

There are two ways to define indexed array:

1st way:

$season=array(“summer”,”winter”,”spring”,”autumn”);

2nd way:

$season[0]=”summer”;
$season[1]=”winter”;
$season[2]=”spring”;
$season[3]=”autumn”;

Example

File: array1.php

<?php
$season=array(“summer”,”winter”,”spring”,”autumn”);
echo “Season are: $season[0], $season[1], $season[2] and $season[3]”;
?>

Output:

Season are: summer, winter, spring and autumnFile: array2.php

<?php
$season[0]=”summer”;
$season[1]=”winter”;
$season[2]=”spring”;
$season[3]=”autumn”;
echo “Season are: $season[0], $season[1], $season[2] and $season[3]”;
?>

Output:

Season are: summer, winter, spring and autumn

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PHP Associative Array

We can associate name with each array elements in PHP using => symbol.

There are two ways to define associative array:

1st way:

$salary=array(“Sonoo”=>”350000″,”John”=>”450000″,”Kartik”=>”200000”);

2nd way:

$salary[“Sonoo”]=”350000″;
$salary[“John”]=”450000″;
$salary[“Kartik”]=”200000″;

Example

File: arrayassociative1.php

<?php
$salary=array(“Sonoo”=>”350000″,”John”=>”450000″,”Kartik”=>”200000”);
echo “Sonoo salary: “.$salary[“Sonoo”].” ”;
echo “John salary: “.$salary[“John”].” ”;
echo “Kartik salary: “.$salary[“Kartik”].” ”;
?>

Output:

Sonoo salary: 350000
John salary: 450000
Kartik salary: 200000

File: arrayassociative2.php

<?php
$salary[“Sonoo”]=”350000″;
$salary[“John”]=”450000″;
$salary[“Kartik”]=”200000″;
echo “Sonoo salary: “.$salary[“Sonoo”].” ”;
echo “John salary: “.$salary[“John”].” ”;
echo “Kartik salary: “.$salary[“Kartik”].” ”;
?>

Output:

Sonoo salary: 350000
John salary: 450000
Kartik salary: 200000

PHP String

PHP string is a sequence of characters i.e., used to store and manipulate text. PHP supports only 256-character set and so that it does not offer native Unicode support. There are 4 ways to specify a string literal in PHP.

single quoted
double quoted
heredoc syntax
newdoc syntax (since PHP 5.3)

Single Quoted

We can create a string in PHP by enclosing the text in a single-quote. It is the easiest way to specify string in PHP.

For specifying a literal single quote, escape it with a backslash (\) and to specify a literal backslash (\) use double backslash (\\). All the other instances with backslash such as \r or \n, will be output same as they specified instead of having any special meaning.

For Example

Following some examples are given to understand the single quoted PHP String in a better way:PauseNextMute

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Example 1

<?php
$str=’Hello text within single quote’;
echo $str;
?>

Output:

Hello text within single quote

We can store multiple line text, special characters, and escape sequences in a single-quoted PHP string.

Example 2

<?php
$str1=’Hello text
multiple line
text within single quoted string’;
$str2=’Using double “quote” directly inside single quoted string’;
$str3=’Using escape sequences \n in single quoted string’;
echo “$str1 $str2 $str3”;
?>

Output:

Hello text multiple line text within single quoted string
Using double "quote" directly inside single quoted string
Using escape sequences \n in single quoted string

Example 3

<?php
$num1=10;
$str1=’trying variable $num1′;
$str2=’trying backslash n and backslash t inside single quoted string \n \t’;
$str3=’Using single quote \’my quote\’ and \\backslash’;
echo “$str1 $str2 $str3”;
?>

Output:

trying variable $num1
trying backslash n and backslash t inside single quoted string \n \t
Using single quote 'my quote' and \backslash

Note: In single quoted PHP strings, most escape sequences and variables will not be interpreted. But, we can use single quote through \’ and backslash through \\ inside single quoted PHP strings.

Double Quoted

In PHP, we can specify string through enclosing text within double quote also. But escape sequences and variables will be interpreted using double quote PHP strings.

Example 1

<?php
$str=”Hello text within double quote”;
echo $str;
?>

Output:

Hello text within double quote

Now, you can’t use double quote directly inside double quoted string.

Example 2

<?php
$str1=”Using double “quote” directly inside double quoted string”;
echo $str1;
?>

Output:

Parse error: syntax error, unexpected 'quote' (T_STRING) in C:\wamp\www\string1.php on line 2

We can store multiple line text, special characters and escape sequences in a double quoted PHP string.

Example 3

<?php
$str1=”Hello text
multiple line
text within double quoted string”;
$str2=”Using double \”quote\” with backslash inside double quoted string”;
$str3=”Using escape sequences \n in double quoted string”;
echo “$str1 $str2 $str3”;
?>

Output:

Hello text multiple line text within double quoted string
Using double "quote" with backslash inside double quoted string
Using escape sequences in double quoted string

In double quoted strings, variable will be interpreted.

Example 4

<?php
$num1=10;
echo “Number is: $num1”;
?>

Output:

Number is: 10

Heredoc

Heredoc syntax (<<<) is the third way to delimit strings. In Heredoc syntax, an identifier is provided after this heredoc <<< operator, and immediately a new line is started to write any text. To close the quotation, the string follows itself and then again that same identifier is provided. That closing identifier must begin from the new line without any whitespace or tab.

Naming Rules

The identifier should follow the naming rule that it must contain only alphanumeric characters and underscores, and must start with an underscore or a non-digit character.

For Example

Valid Example

<?php
$str = <<<Demo
It is a valid example
Demo; //Valid code as whitespace or tab is not valid before closing identifier
echo $str;
?>

Output:

It is a valid example

Invalid Example

We cannot use any whitespace or tab before and after the identifier and semicolon, which means identifier must not be indented. The identifier must begin from the new line.

<?php
$str = <<<Demo
It is Invalid example
Demo; //Invalid code as whitespace or tab is not valid before closing identifier
echo $str;
?>

This code will generate an error.

Output:

Parse error: syntax error, unexpected end of file in C:\xampp\htdocs\xampp\PMA\heredoc.php on line 7

Heredoc is similar to the double-quoted string, without the double quote, means that quote in a heredoc are not required. It can also print the variable’s value.

Example

<?php
$city = ‘Delhi’;
$str = <<<DEMO
Hello! My name is Mishti, and I live in $city.
DEMO;
echo $str;
?>

Output:

Hello! My name is Misthi, and I live in Delhi.

Example

We can add multiple lines of text here between heredoc syntax.

<?php
$str = <<<DEMO
It is the example
of multiple
lines of text.
DEMO;
echo $str;
echo ‘’;
echo <<<DEMO // Here we are not storing string content in variable str.
It is the example
of multiple
lines of text.
DEMO;
?>

Output:

It is the example of multiple lines of text.
It is the example of multiple lines of text.

Below are the example with class and their variable

Example

<?php
class heredocExample{
var $demo;
var $example;
function __construct()
{
$this->demo = ‘DEMO’;
$this->example = array(‘Example1’, ‘Example2’, ‘Example3’);
}
}
$heredocExample = new heredocExample();
$name = ‘Gunjan’;
echo <<<ECO
My name is “$name”. I am printing some $heredocExample->demo example.
Now, I am printing {$heredocExample->example[1]}.
It will print a capital ‘A’: \x41
ECO;
?>

Output:

My name is "Gunjan". I am printing some DEMO example.
Now, I am printing Example2.
It will print a capital 'A': A

Newdoc

Newdoc is similar to the heredoc, but in newdoc parsing is not done. It is also identified with three less than symbols <<< followed by an identifier. But here identifier is enclosed in single-quote, e.g. <<<‘EXP’. Newdoc follows the same rule as heredocs.

The difference between newdoc and heredoc is that – Newdoc is a single-quoted string whereas heredoc is a double-quoted string.

Note: Newdoc works as single quotes.

Example-1:

<?php
$str = <<<‘DEMO’
Welcome to javaTpoint.
Learn with newdoc example.
DEMO;
echo $str;
echo ‘’;
echo <<< ‘Demo’ // Here we are not storing string content in variable str.
Welcome to javaTpoint.
Learn with newdoc example.
Demo;
?>

Output:

Welcome to javaTpoint. Learn with newdoc example.
Welcome to javaTpoint. Learn with newdoc example.

Go to view page source and see the source of the program.

Example

The below example shows that newdoc does not print the variable’s value.

<?php
class heredocExample{
var $demo;
var $example;
function __construct()
{
$this->demo = ‘DEMO’;
$this->example = array(‘Example1’, ‘Example2’, ‘Example3’);
}
}
$heredocExample = new heredocExample();
$name = ‘Gunjan’;
echo <<<ECO
My name is “$name”. I am printing some $heredocExample->demo example.
Now, I am printing {$heredocExample->example[1]}.
It will print a capital ‘A’: \x41
ECO;
?>

Output:

The output of the above program will be like:

My name is "$name". I am printing some $heredocExample->demo example.
Now, I am printing {$heredocExample->example[1]}.
It will print a capital 'A': \x41

PHP Tutorials

PHP Programs

1) Sum of Digits

2) Even or odd number

3) Prime number

4) Table of number

5) Factorial

6) Armstrong number

7) Palindrome number

8) Fibonacci Series

9) Reverse Number

10) Reverse String

11) Swap two numbers

12) Adding Two Numbers

13) Subtracting Two Numbers

14) Area of Triangle

15) Area of rectangle

16) Leap Year

17) Alphabet Triangle using PHP method

18) Alphabet Triangle Pattern

19) Number Triangle

20) Star Triangle

PHP Functions

Advantage of PHP Functions

PHP User-defined Functions

Syntax

Note: Function name must be start with letter and underscore only like other labels in PHP. It can’t be start with numbers or special symbols.

PHP Functions Example

PHP Function Arguments

PHP Call By Reference

PHP Function: Default Argument Value

PHP Function: Returning Value

PHP Arrays

Advantage of PHP Array

PHP Array Types

PHP Indexed Array

Example

PHP Associative Array

Example

PHP String

Single Quoted

For Example

Note: In single quoted PHP strings, most escape sequences and variables will not be interpreted. But, we can use single quote through \’ and backslash through \\ inside single quoted PHP strings.

Double Quoted

Heredoc

Naming Rules

For Example

Newdoc

Note: Newdoc works as single quotes.

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